What Is Jujitsu? How It Differs From BJJ and Judo

The short answer first: jujitsu is Japan's unarmed fighting art built on throws, joint locks and chokes rather than punches. 柔 (ju) means supple; the principle is to use the opponent's force and leverage instead of meeting strength with strength. It is spelled several ways, jujitsu, ju-jitsu and jujutsu, all meaning the same art.

Today the word covers three things with one root: the old jujutsu of the samurai, the modern sport ju-jitsu of the Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF), which is contested in fighting, duo and show events and in ne-waza (寝技, groundwork), and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), which centres on groundwork. The sections that follow take each in turn.

Going back to the Sengoku era (Japan's period of civil war), heavily armoured warriors fought at close range. Striking with the fists had almost no effect, because armour absorbed the impact well. What actually worked was unbalancing the opponent to make them fall, then driving a short blade through the gaps in the armour — at the neck, the armpit, or the groin. This is the origin of 組討 (kumiuchi — close-quarters grappling while wearing armour) and 小具足 (kogusoku — a set of close-range combat techniques using a short blade), which form the root of every school of jujitsu.

The oldest school with confirmed records is 竹内流 (Takenouchi-ryu), founded in 1532 by Takenouchi Nakatsukasa-no-Taifu Hisamori. Legend says he fasted and performed austerities for six days and six nights before receiving the art from a transformed deity, and from there developed a set of techniques known as the "twenty-five close-quarters methods (koshi-mawari)" and the "five methods of arrest," which covered joint locks, short-blade use, and binding an opponent with rope.

I think this point matters a great deal, because it shows that jujitsu was never a "sport" from the start — it was a survival system (Nihon Kobudo Kyokai register).

Once the Edo period arrived and the country settled into peace, samurai traded their armour for ordinary clothing, and the battlefield moved from open fields into reception rooms and city streets. Jujitsu had to adapt into a "jujitsu suited to ordinary clothing," giving rise to major schools such as 天神真楊流 (Tenjin Shin'yo-ryu), which blended striking vital points, throws, chokes, and joint locks, and 起倒流 (Kito-ryu), which emphasised throwing techniques that relied on gravity and angular momentum. It was these two schools that Master Jigoro Kano later synthesised into Kodokan judo in 1882.

I've often explained to my students that Kano didn't invent an entirely new set of moves — he screened the old techniques to make them safe enough to practise for real without anyone dying. That is the kind of intelligence that has kept judo alive to this day.

Read next · Judo ThailandJudo and Jujitsu in Japan: From the Samurai Battlefield to the Olympic GamesJudo and jujutsu in Japan: from koryu to the Kodokan

The story most often told incorrectly is about who actually brought 柔術 to Brazil. Many people assume Brazilians travelled to Japan to learn it, but the truth is the opposite. The one who carried the art there was 前田光世 (Maeda Mitsuyo — a Japanese Kodokan judoka), who earned the nickname "Conde Koma" while fighting professionally abroad. Maeda trained judo at the Kodokan until he reached fourth dan, then set out on Master Kano's orders to spread judo across the world starting in 1904.

What amazes me most is that Maeda didn't just teach techniques inside a dojo — he had to step into the ring against wrestlers and Western boxers far bigger than himself, in matches with almost no rules protecting him. Through hundreds of these fights he distilled a theory: "control the distance, wait for the moment to close in, throw the opponent to the ground to cut off their striking power, then finish with a joint lock or a choke." This later became the prototype for mixed martial arts.

Maeda reached Brazil in November 1914 and settled in Belém in the north, where he became friends with Gastão Gracie, an influential local figure. In 1917 Gastão's son Carlos, then fourteen, watched Maeda demonstrate at the Da Paz Theatre and asked to learn (source: Cardiff University Press).

The most important turning point was Carlos's youngest brother, Hélio Gracie, who was small and physically weak and unable to rely on standing throws that required real power. Hélio stripped away the techniques that demanded strength and built an entirely new system in which he stayed on the bottom and used his legs to control his opponent — what came to be called the "guard" — letting the other person exhaust themselves before finishing with a joint lock or a choke using leverage. This is the true birthplace of BJJ. In my view, this wasn't simply repeating judo's ne-waza (ground fighting) — it was inventing an entirely new system out of physical limitation, which is genuinely remarkable.

One of the stories I most enjoy telling my students is that, while Hélio Gracie was developing the guard in Brazil, a group of preparatory high school students in Japan was developing a strikingly similar system without any knowledge of each other at all. This was 高専柔道 (Kosen Judo), which began as a competition between the first and second preparatory high schools starting in 1898. Kosen rules allowed a competitor to pull their opponent to the ground without penalty, and there was no scoring by points — only "ippon" (an outright win) or a draw, unlike Kodokan judo, which treated deliberately pulling an opponent to the ground as forbidden.

As a result of this rule, students who were small or not suited to standing techniques turned seriously toward developing ground techniques. By 1921–1922, the "triangle choke" technique emerged at the sixth preparatory high school, credited to Hayakawa Masaru and ninth-dan instructor Kanemitsu Yaichibei, who named the technique 松葉固 (Matsubagatame). Meanwhile, a group of students in Tokyo called the same technique 三角緘 (Sankaku-garami — triangle strangle).

I find this a beautiful story: a group of Japanese students training under rules that allowed pulling an opponent down discovered how to use both legs to lock the opponent's neck and arm into a triangle shape, cutting off blood flow to the brain without relying on strength at all. The first recorded use of the technique was at a Kosen Judo tournament in November 1921, and it eventually became a staple of BJJ. Later, in 1937, Kimura Masahiko, a student at Takushoku University, further developed the "side triangle," making Kosen Judo a repository of ground techniques every bit as deep as the Brazilian lineage. What kept the two paths from ever meeting at the time was simply distance and an era that lacked international communication.

There's one event I tell my students about with a particularly serious tone, and that's what happened in 1995, because it marks the moment BJJ fully returned to its country of origin. That year saw the staging of VTJ (Vale Tudo Japan — a no-holds-barred fighting event held in Japan), which invited Rickson Gracie, Hélio's third son, to face the strongest Japanese fighters of that era. The four-hundred-fights-undefeated figure attached to his name is his own claim and has never been documented; his recorded professional record is eleven wins and no losses.

The most significant fighter on the Japanese side was Yuki Nakai, a former judoka from Hokkaido University who had trained in 七帝柔道 (Shichitei Judo — the judo of Japan's seven leading universities, which carries on the rules of Kosen Judo). In the first round, Nakai faced Gerard Gordeau, a much larger fighter who kicked and gouged his eye, leaving Nakai permanently blind in his right eye. But with sheer force of will, Nakai kept fighting and won by heel hook, turning the match around while seeing only half of the world in front of him.

Although Nakai ultimately lost to Rickson in the final by a choke, his endurance inspired the entire country of Japan to take BJJ seriously. I think that if that night had never happened, BJJ might not have become popular in Japan nearly as quickly as it did.

After retiring from professional fighting because one eye had gone completely blind, Yuki Nakai devoted his time to training BJJ systematically until he earned his black belt, and then opened his own dojo, Paraestra Tokyo, in 1997, and later took on the role of president of the Japanese Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (JBJJF), organising a belt and competition system to the same standard as other countries. I see Nakai's story as an important lesson, because it shows that the strength of a martial art doesn't lie in any single killer technique alone, but in the spirit of the person training, who refuses to give up no matter how disadvantaged their body may be.

To make this clearer, let me summarise it in a table comparing three systems that share the same root but arrived at entirely different destinations.

From this table, I want to point out that the real difference isn't about "which technique is stronger," but about "what problem the system was built to solve." Ancient jujitsu solved the problem of war. Kosen Judo solved the problem of team-based competition within schools. BJJ solved the problem of overcoming a larger opponent through leverage alone. Once you understand the problem each system was built to solve, the question of how Jujitsu and BJJ differ becomes much easier to answer.

How does jujitsu differ from judo? Judo is the art Jigoro Kano developed from several jujutsu schools, founding the Kodokan in 1882. He removed techniques too dangerous to practise at full force and organised the rest so partners could train for real every day, so judo centres on throws and ground control under sporting rules. Modern sport ju-jitsu keeps strikes and kicks in its fighting events, and BJJ takes groundwork further than judo. For judo's origins see What Is Judo?, and for the path from jujutsu to judo see Judo and Jujitsu in Japan.

In Thailand, modern sport ju-jitsu is run by the Ju-Jitsu Association of Thailand, which is affiliated with the Sports Authority of Thailand, the Ju-Jitsu Asian Union (JJAU) and the Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF). The sport is contested in fighting, duo, show and ne-waza events (rules at JJIF Fighting System).

Outside the federation, Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) in Thailand has grown through private gyms, mostly in Bangkok, Phuket, Koh Samui and Pattaya. Students range from office workers training for fitness and self-defence to foreign athletes on training camps. BJJ belts are promoted slowly and require regular live training on the mat.

At IMAC Dojo, Khru Ryu holds the Sports Authority of Thailand's C-License as a jujitsu coach, but the dojo does not run jujitsu as a course. Gripping, locking and groundwork principles from judo and jujitsu are part of the foundation of the judo and Wing Chun Sambo courses.

But from another angle, I also want to caution every parent and practitioner that training too broadly without depth in any one direction can leave your skills too thin to apply for real. If anyone asks me directly whether they should choose modern sport Ju-Jitsu or BJJ, I always ask back what their goal is first. If you want fun, variety, and a competition format that covers every range, modern sport Ju-Jitsu answers that well. But if you want to become a genuine expert in ground fighting, to the point of being able to control an opponent much larger than yourself through leverage, BJJ goes far deeper into the details of position and guard.

For adults who have spent the whole day sitting at a desk and want something to train both mind and body, I usually suggest looking into both paths and experiencing them firsthand before deciding, because both modern sport Ju-Jitsu and BJJ each have strengths that answer different needs — neither one is categorically better than the other. The most important thing, in my opinion, is finding an instructor who teaches the fundamentals correctly and safely, and who understands that every student has different physical potential.

Coming back to the question posed at the very start — how Jujitsu and BJJ differ — I think the most honest answer is that both share the same root in ancient Japanese jujitsu, but travelled through entirely different historical, social, and physical contexts for the people involved, until they became systems that clearly answer different needs.

What I want to leave readers with is this: no single martial art is "the best" in isolation — there is only the art that fits the goals, the body, and the mindset of the practitioner at that particular point in time. And just as important as choosing the discipline is choosing a dojo and an instructor who put correct fundamentals and student safety first. I hope everything I've shared here helps readers understand both arts more deeply, and gives you the confidence to choose the path that's right for you.

I have told the road from jujitsu to judo separately in judo and jujitsu in Japanese history. The judo course the dojo actually runs is described on the judo course page, and every class time and fee is on the schedule and pricing page.